Studies #6

Maker Heinecken, Robert American, 1931-2006

Date1970; printed 2001

MediumGelatin silver print

Dimensionsimage: 9 ? in x 8 in; mount: 10 ½ in x 8 ½ in; mat: 14 ¾ in x 12 ? in; frame: 16 ¼ in x 14 ? in

Credit LineGift of Carol Ann and David L. Gurbach

Object number2011:160

About the ArtistRobert Heinecken, who is perhaps best known for his assemblages of found images from torn magazine pages and for photographs containing familiar media iconography, continually redefined the role of photographer and perceptions of photography as an art medium throughout his career. Trained in design, drawing, and printmaking, Heinecken’s signature work incorporates public images (from magazines, newspapers, and television) and his own darkroom activity which changes the interpretation of the original images. Though Heinecken is rarely behind the lens of a camera, his process is faithfully photographic. Yet he is often discussed less in terms of photography and more in terms of conceptual art. To put a name to Heinecken’s unique combination of interests and technique, he was dubbed a “photographist” by philosopher and art critic Arthur C. Danto who described the responsibility of the modern artist as “creating art that functions in part as a philosophical reflection of its own nature.”

For the series Recto/Verso, Heinecken manipulates advertising imagery, looking quite literally beneath its surface to create a social satire that highlights female sexuality and media messages. He uses his trademark method of contact printing, where a magazine page with images on either side is placed on light sensitive paper and exposed so that the front and back of the page (recto and verso) are burned into the photographic paper at the same time. In all, the Recto/Verso portfolio contains twelve color Cibachrome photograms from the late 1980s, taken largely from commercial fashion magazines. Models sunbathe or interact with various products, but the scenes become complicated and awkward when both sides of the page are visible simultaneously. Sharply dressed women are splashed across the face with nail polish. Legs are inexplicably intertwined with asparagus. Heinecken plays with mixed messages to confront us with images of vanity and consumption that reveal the construction and superficiality of media culture.

The series Are You Rea is perhaps Heinecken’s most well-known body of work. Its title comes from a headline text fragment in one image of the series, and was selected by Heinecken for the mirroring of letters in the words. Made in the late 1960s, at a time when the public was being bombarded by the media’s definitions of beauty, race, and gender, Heinecken challenged the viewer to question the source and validity of these social stereotypes. The contact printing process of Are You Rea’s gelatin-silver prints inverts the tones of the original images to create negative images. The effect reinforces the sensation that the images are familiar yet their meaning reversed. From the tangle of two scenes meshed together, the viewer extracts a clear perspective on the need to consume.

Heinecken created Multiple Solution Puzzle in 1965, though in Heinecken (1980) he refers to it by the name Refractive Hexagon. It contains 24 separate interchangeable pieces, each a silver gelatin print affixed to a wooden base and coated in plastic, and all in the shape of an equilateral triangle with 3-inch sides. Pushed together, the pieces form a hexagon which is circumscribed by its circular wooden base. The photograph pieces are abstract, suggesting the curves of body parts that cannot quite be identified. The viewer is drawn into the photograph’s ambiguity, meticulously searching through its details to find a coherent image. It looks like there should be a way to resolve the tantalizing pieces if only one is patient enough, but in truth the puzzle is all suggestion and no solution.

Robert Heinecken was born in Denver, Colorado on October 29, 1931. He began his education at Riverside Junior College in Riverside, California (1949-1951), was a fighter pilot in the U.S. Marine Corp from 1953-1957, and went on to study art at the University of California, Los Angeles, earning a BA (1959) and then an MA (1960). In 1964, he founded the graduate program for photography at UCLA, and retired from the institution in 1991. He was a member of the Board of Trustees of The Friends of Photography and a chairman of the Society for Photographic Education. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship (1976), a National Endowment for the Arts Individual Artists Grant (1977, 1981, 1986), and Polaroid Corporation grants to use 20x24 and 40x80 cameras (1984, 1985, 1988). Since 1964, Heinecken has had over sixty one-person shows internationally including: the Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona, Tucson, and a 35-year retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago in 1998. His work is in the collections of such institutions as the George Eastman House and Mills College Art Gallery. He died on May 18, 2006.